NB: Sample chapters do not have working links.
Written to comply with the VCAA’s revised Study Design for 2006–2012. It encourages students to:
It is divided into two areas of study: Data Analysis Core Material and Applications. All 6 Modules are covered:
| Module 1: | Number patterns |
| Module 2: | Geometry and trigonometry |
| Module 3: | Graphs and relations |
| Module 4: | Business-related mathematics |
| Module 5: | Networks and decision mathematics |
| Module 6: | Matrices |
Summaries are given at the end of Data Analysis Core Material and at the end of each Module. These summaries can also be printed from the CD as a handy reference for examination preparation.
Ideal for independent study and revision. Contains the text of the book, so that students can leave the book at school and keep the CD at home.
Click on the CD icon to access printable pages (including each Summary) as well as software, demonstrations and simulations.
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | |||
| DATA ANALYSIS – CORE MATERIAL | 9 | ||
| 1 | UNIVARIATE DATA | 9 | |
| A | Data | 10 | |
| B | Organising and displaying data | 13 | |
| C | Stem-and-leaf plots (stemplots) | 21 | |
| D | Sample summary statistics: measures of centre | 24 | |
| E | Sample summary statistics: measures of spread | 32 | |
| F | The boxplot (box-and-whisker plot) | 46 | |
| G | Random samples | 54 | |
| 2 | BIVARIATE DATA | 59 | |
| A | Comparing one categorical and one numerical variable | 60 | |
| B | Two categorical variables | 66 | |
| C | Two numerical variables | 68 | |
| D | Correlation | 74 | |
| E | The coefficient of determination | 78 | |
| 3 | LINEAR REGRESSION | 81 | |
| A | Fitting a regression line | 82 | |
| B | Residual analysis | 96 | |
| C | Transformations | 102 | |
| 4 | TIME SERIES | 113 | |
| A | Time series data | 114 | |
| B | Smoothing | 118 | |
| C | Seasonal adjustments | 127 | |
| D | Forecasting | 131 | |
| SUMMARY | 139 | ||
| A | Summary of Chapter 1 | 140 | |
| B | Summary of Chapter 2 | 142 | |
| C | Summary of Chapter 3 | 143 | |
| D | Summary of Chapter 4 | 146 | |
| E | Revision questions | 147 | |
| APPLICATIONS | 155 | ||
| MODULE 1: NUMBER PATTERNS | 155 | ||
| 5 | ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES | 155 | |
| A | Numerical sequences | 156 | |
| B | Arithmetic sequences | 156 | |
| C | Arithmetic series | 166 | |
| D | Applications of arithmetic sequences and series | 170 | |
| E | Geometric sequences | 174 | |
| F | Finite geometric series | 178 | |
| G | Infinite geometric series | 181 | |
| H | Applications of geometric sequences and series | 184 | |
| I | Comparing arithmetic and geometric sequences and series | 192 | |
| 6 | DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS | 199 | |
| A | Introduction to first-order difference equations | 201 | |
| B | First-order linear difference equations | 206 | |
| C | Constructing difference equations | 210 | |
| D | Applications of difference equations | 213 | |
| E | Second-order linear difference equations | 217 | |
| SUMMARY | 221 | ||
| A | Summary of Chapter 5 | 222 | |
| B | Summary of Chapter 6 | 223 | |
| C | Revision questions | 224 | |
| MODULE 2: GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY | 229 | ||
| 7 | GEOMETRY | 229 | |
| A | Review of angles, parallel lines and polygons | 230 | |
| B | Pythagoras’ theorem | 237 | |
| C | Similar figures, scale factors and diagrams | 241 | |
| D | Area, total surface area and volume | 249 | |
| E | Similar figures and the relationship between length, area, and volume | 255 | |
| 8 | TRIGONOMETRY | 265 | |
| A | Trigonometry for right-angled triangles | 266 | |
| B | The sine rule | 274 | |
| C | The cosine rule | 280 | |
| D | Area of a triangle | 286 | |
| 9 | APPLICATIONS OF GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY | 291 | |
| A | Relative position and bearings | 292 | |
| B | Angles of elevation and depression | 297 | |
| C | Triangulation | 299 | |
| D | Three-dimensional problems | 302 | |
| E | Contour maps | 307 | |
| SUMMARY | 313 | ||
| A | Summary of Chapter 7 | 314 | |
| B | Summary of Chapter 8 | 318 | |
| C | Summary of Chapter 9 | 321 | |
| D | Revision questions | 323 | |
| MODULE 3: GRAPHS AND RELATIONS | 331 | ||
| 10 | CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION OF GRAPHS | 331 | |
| A | Review of linear relations | 332 | |
| B | Linear models | 343 | |
| C | Linear simultaneous equations | 346 | |
| D | Applications of linear simultaneous equations | 350 | |
| E | Line segment graphs | 355 | |
| F | Step graphs | 358 | |
| G | Non-linear graphs | 360 | |
| H | Relations of the form y = kxn | 363 | |
| I | Modelling relations of the form y = kxn | 368 | |
| 11 | LINEAR PROGRAMMING | 379 | |
| A | Regions defined by ax + by ≤ c or ax + by ≥ c | 381 | |
| B | Graphing more than one inequality | 384 | |
| C | Setting up constraints | 389 | |
| D | Linear programming problem solving | 394 | |
| SUMMARY | 403 | ||
| A | Summary of Chapter 10 | 404 | |
| B | Summary of Chapter 11 | 410 | |
| C | Revision questions | 412 | |
| MODULE 4: BUSINESS RELATED MATHEMATICS | 419 | ||
| 12 | FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS AND ASSET VALUE | 419 | |
| A | Percentage change | 420 | |
| B | Percentage taxes and charges | 422 | |
| C | Balances and interest in accounts | 430 | |
| D | Inflation | 435 | |
| E | Depreciation | 438 | |
| 13 | LOANS AND INVESTMENT | 449 | |
| A | Simple interest | 450 | |
| B | Compound interest | 460 | |
| C | Comparison of simple and compound interest | 471 | |
| D | Investment with regular equal deposits | 475 | |
| E | Perpetuities | 479 | |
| F | Reducing balance loans | 481 | |
| G | Comparison of loans | 496 | |
| H | Time payment plans and effective interest rates | 502 | |
| I | Interest payments on credit cards | 507 | |
| J | Home loans | 510 | |
| SUMMARY | 511 | ||
| A | Summary of Chapter 12 | 512 | |
| B | Summary of Chapter 13 | 514 | |
| C | Revision questions | 520 | |
| MODULE 5: NETWORKS AND DECISION MATHEMATICS | 525 | ||
| 14 | UNDIRECTED GRAPHS AND NETWORKS | 525 | |
| A | Terminology | 526 | |
| B | Planar graphs | 530 | |
| C | Matrix representation | 532 | |
| D | Paths and circuits | 535 | |
| E | Constructing networks | 541 | |
| F | Trees | 544 | |
| G | Shortest path problems | 549 | |
| H | Famous network problems | 552 | |
| 15 | DIRECTED GRAPHS AND NETWORKS | 557 | |
| A | Introduction | 558 | |
| B | Matrix representation | 560 | |
| C | Network flow | 570 | |
| D | Critical path analysis | 574 | |
| E | Assignment problems | 588 | |
| SUMMARY | 597 | ||
| A | Summary of Chapter 14 | 598 | |
| B | Summary of Chapter 15 | 601 | |
| C | Revision questions | 605 | |
| MODULE 6: MATRICES | 611 | ||
| 16 | MATRIX REPRESENTATION AND ITS APPLICATION | 611 | |
| A | Matrix structure | 612 | |
| B | Addition and subtraction of matrices | 615 | |
| C | Matrix multiplication | 620 | |
| D | Using a graphics calculator for matrix operations | 625 | |
| E | Further operations with matrices | 630 | |
| F | Inverse matrices | 634 | |
| G | Solutions to systems of equations | 639 | |
| 17 | TRANSITION MATRICES | 643 | |
| A | Transition matrices | 644 | |
| SUMMARY | 655 | ||
| A | Summary of Chapter 16 | 656 | |
| B | Summary of Chapter 17 | 659 | |
| C | Revision questions | 660 | |
| ANSWERS | 665 | ||
| INDEX | 719 | ||
The course Further Mathematics Units 3 and 4 is designed to provide general preparation for employment or further study, in particular, where data analysis is important.
This text: Further Mathematics: VCE Units 3 and 4 has been written to comply with the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority’s revised Study Design for the period 2006–2009, commencing 1 January 2006.
It follows the guidelines set out in the study design in that it encourages students to
There are two areas of study in Further Mathematics
Three modules are to be chosen from the available six modules:
Text and exercises for all six modules, including the new module Matrices, are included in this text.
I have endeavoured to write this text at a level that is easy for students to understand but that also challenges them with interesting and relevant exercises.
The text will also be useful for teachers who may be teaching the subject for the first time. It is organised so that it follows the course outline in a logical manner, covering all the topics and terms mentioned. There is text for a lesson and then an exercise to follow; this will enable a syllabus to be easily written from this text.
Much of the text is based on my class-notes and many of the exercises have been used successfully in my teaching of the subject. The exercises are graded and include some multiple-choice questions and selected questions from past Further Mathematics exams. Some of the text and questions in the exercises will extend the more capable students and can also be used as a basis for school-assessed coursework.
At the end of the core material and each of the modules there is a summary, a multiple-choice review exercise and analysis questions. Throughout the text, there are clear instructions for the use of graphics calculators and references to extra material that is contained on the CD.
I have been a teacher of Mathematics in Victoria since 1972 and have taught Further Mathematics to VCE students for ten years. I have a passion for the subject because I think it enables many students who are not comfortable with the more rigorous courses to succeed in a Mathematics subject. Students find the subject practical, interesting, and that it expands their understanding of Mathematics.
To this I add my experience as an assessor, a writer of Further Mathematics practice exams and as a member of the VCAA Curriculum Review Committee for Further Mathematics and General Mathematics.
Christine McRae